The Apache Tomcat 5.5 Servlet/JSP Container

Class Loader HOW-TO

The following rules cover about 95% of the decisions that application developers and deployers must make about where to place class and resource files to make them available to web applications:

• For classes and resources specific to a particular web application, place unpacked classes and resources under /WEB-INF/classes of your web application archive, or place JAR files containing those classes and resources under /WEB-INF/lib of your web application archive.
• For classes and resources that must be shared across all web applications, place unpacked classes and resources under $CATALINA_BASE/shared/classes, or place JAR files containing those classes and resources under $CATALINA_BASE/shared/lib.

Like many server applications, Tomcat 5 installs a variety of class loaders (that is, classes that implement java.lang.ClassLoader) to allow different portions of the container, and the web applications running on the container, to have access to different repositories of available classes and resources. This mechanism is used to provide the functionality defined in the Servlet Specification, version 2.4 -- in particular, Sections 9.4 and 9.6.

In a J2SE 2 (that is, J2SE 1.2 or later) environment, class loaders are arranged in a parent-child tree. Normally, when a class loader is asked to load a particular class or resource, it delegates the request to a parent class loader first, and then looks in its own repositories only if the parent class loader(s) cannot find the requested class or resource. The model for web application class loaders differs slightly from this, as discussed below, but the main principles are the same.

When Tomcat 5 is started, it creates a set of class loaders that are organized into the following parent-child relationships, where the parent class loader is above the child class loader:

	Bootstrap | System | Common / \ Catalina Shared / \ Webapp1 Webapp2 ...

The characteristics of each of these class loaders, including the source of classes and resources that they make visible, are discussed in detail in the following section.

As indicated in the diagram above, Tomcat 5 creates the following class loaders as it is initialized:

• Bootstrap - This class loader contains the basic runtime classes provided by the Java Virtual Machine, plus any classes from JAR files present in the System Extensions directory ($JAVA_HOME/jre/lib/ext). NOTE - Some JVMs may implement this as more than one class loader, or it may not be visible (as a class loader) at all.
• System - This class loader is normally initialized from the contents of the CLASSPATH environment variable. All such classes are visible to both Tomcat internal classes, and to web applications. However, the standard Tomcat 5 startup scripts ($CATALINA_HOME/bin/catalina.sh or %CATALINA_HOME%\bin\catalina.bat) totally ignore the contents of the CLASSPATH environment variable itself, and instead build the System class loader from the following repositories:
  • $CATALINA_HOME/bin/bootstrap.jar - Contains the main() method that is used to initialize the Tomcat 5 server, and the class loader implementation classes it depends on.
  • $JAVA_HOME/lib/tools.jar - Contains the "javac" compiler used to convert JSP pages into servlet classes.
  • $CATALINA_HOME/bin/commons-logging-api.jar - Jakarta commons logging API.
  • $CATALINA_HOME/bin/commons-daemon.jar - Jakarta commons daemon API.
  • jmx.jar - The JMX 1.2 implementation.
• Common - This class loader contains additional classes that are made visible to both Tomcat internal classes and to all web applications. Normally, application classes should NOT be placed here. All unpacked classes and resources in $CATALINA_HOME/common/classes, as well as classes and resources in JAR files under the $CATALINA_HOME/commons/endorsed, $CATALINA_HOME/commons/i18n and $CATALINA_HOME/common/lib directories, are made visible through this class loader. By default, that includes the following:
  • commons-el.jar - Jakarta commons el, implementing the expression language used by Jasper.
  • jasper-compiler.jar - The JSP 2.0 compiler.
  • jasper-compiler-jdt.jar - The Eclipse JDT Java compiler.
  • jasper-runtime.jar - The JSP 2.0 runtime.
  • jsp-api.jar - The JSP 2.0 API.
  • naming-common.jar - The JNDI implementation used by Tomcat 5 to represent in-memory naming contexts.
  • naming-factory.jar - The JNDI implementation used by Tomcat 5 to resolve references to enterprise resources (EJB, connection pools).
  • naming-factory-dbcp.jar - Jakarta commons DBCP, providing a JDBC connection pool to web applications. The classes have been moved out of their default org.apache.commons package.
  • naming-java.jar - Handler for the java: namespace.
  • naming-resources.jar - The specialized JNDI naming context implementation used to represent the static resources of a web application. This is not related to the support of the J2EE ENC, and cannot be removed.
  • servlet-api.jar - The Servlet 2.4 API.
  • tomcat-i18n-**.jar - Optional JARs containing resource bundles for other languages. As default bundles are also included in each individual JAR, they can be safely removed if no internationalization of messages is needed.
• Catalina - This class loader is initialized to include all classes and resources required to implement Tomcat 5 itself. These classes and resources are TOTALLY invisible to web applications. All unpacked classes and resources in $CATALINA_HOME/server/classes, as well as classes and resources in JAR files under $CATALINA_HOME/server/lib, are made visible through this class loader. By default, that includes the following:
  • catalina.jar - Implementation of the Catalina servlet container portion of Tomcat 5.
  • catalina-ant.jar - Some Ant tasks which can be used to manage Tomcat using the manager web application.
  • catalina-optional.jar - Some optional components of Catalina.
  • commons-modeler.jar - A model MBeans implementation used by Tomcat to expose its internal objects through JMX.
  • servlets-xxxxx.jar - The classes associated with each internal servlet that provides part of Tomcat's functionality. These are separated so that they can be completely removed if the corresponding service is not required, or they can be subject to specialized security manager permissions.
  • tomcat-coyote.jar - Coyote API.
  • tomcat-http.jar - Standalone Java HTTP/1.1 connector.
  • tomcat-ajp.jar - Classes for the Java portion of the AJP web server connector, which allows Tomcat to run behind web servers such as Apache and iPlanet iAS and iWS.
  • tomcat-util.jar - Utility classes required by some Tomcat connectors.
• Shared - This class loader is the place to put classes and resources that you wish to share across ALL web applications (unless Tomcat internal classes also need access, in which case you should put them in the Common class loader instead). All unpacked classes and resources in $CATALINA_BASE/shared/classes, as well as classes and resources in JAR files under $CATALINA_BASE/shared/lib, are made visible through this class loader. If multiple Tomcat instances are run from the same binary using the $CATALINA_BASE environment variable, then this classloader repositories are relative to $CATALINA_BASE rather than $CATALINA_HOME.
• WebappX - A class loader is created for each web application that is deployed in a single Tomcat 5 instance. All unpacked classes and resources in the /WEB-INF/classes directory of your web application archive, plus classes and resources in JAR files under the /WEB-INF/lib directory of your web application archive, are made visible to the containing web application, but to no others.

As mentioned above, the web application class loader diverges from the default Java 2 delegation model (in accordance with the recommendations in the Servlet Specification, version 2.3, section 9.7.2 Web Application Classloader). When a request to load a class from the web application's WebappX class loader is processed, this class loader will look in the local repositories first, instead of delegating before looking. There are exceptions. Classes which are part of the JRE base classes cannot be overriden. For some classes (such as the XML parser components in J2SE 1.4+), the J2SE 1.4 endorsed feature can be used (see the common classloader definition above). In addition, for the following class patterns, the classloader will always delegate first (and load the class itself if no parent classloader loads it):

• javax.*
• org.xml.sax.*
• org.w3c.dom.*
• org.apache.xerces.*
• org.apache.xalan.*

Last, any JAR containing servlet API classes will be ignored by the classloader. All other class loaders in Tomcat 5 follow the usual delegation pattern.

Therefore, from the perspective of a web application, class or resource loading looks in the following repositories, in this order:

• Bootstrap classes of your JVM
• System class loader classses (described above)
• /WEB-INF/classes of your web application
• /WEB-INF/lib/*.jar of your web application
• $CATALINA_HOME/common/classes
• $CATALINA_HOME/common/endorsed/*.jar
• $CATALINA_HOME/common/i18n/*.jar
• $CATALINA_HOME/common/lib/*.jar
• $CATALINA_BASE/shared/classes
• $CATALINA_BASE/shared/lib/*.jar

Among many other changes, the J2SE 1.4 release packages the JAXP APIs, and a version of Xerces, inside the JRE. This has impacts on applications that wish to use their own XML parser.

In previous versions of Tomcat 5, you could simply replace the XML parser in the $CATALINA_HOME/common/lib directory to change the parser used by all web applications. However, this technique will not be effective when you are running on J2SE 1.4, because the usual class loader delegation process will always choose the implementation inside the JDK in preference to this one.

JDK 1.4 supports a mechanism called the "Endorsed Standards Override Mechanism" to allow replacement of APIs created outside of the JCP (i.e. DOM and SAX from W3C). It can also be used to update the XML parser implementation. For more information, see: http://java.sun.com/j2se/1.4/docs/guide/standards/index.html.

Tomcat utilizes this mechanism by including the system property setting -Djava.endorsed.dirs=$CATALINA_HOME/common/endorsed in the command line that starts the container. Therefore, you can replace the parser that is installed in this directory, and it will get used even on a JDK 1.4 system.

When running under a security manager the locations from which classes are permitted to be loaded will also depend on the contents of your policy file. See Security Manager HOW-TO for further information.